Application of LADM for disaster prone areas and communities

Disaster prevention, response and recovery require information about land tenure. Though, in many high-risk contexts, such records are non-existent or not up to date. As a result, vulnerable groups are often passed over by the government during risk management activities. At present there exists no dedicated tool for supporting land tenure recordation of all people-to-land relationships for the purposes of disaster risk management. More specifically, the required supportive data models and standards that could enable integration of concepts from the respective domains of land administration and disaster risk management are also lacking. Standardized data models could support software and service designs. This paper introduces a model linking the domains of land administration and disaster risk management – with the goal of supporting resilience against natural disasters and providing an approach for collecting data once, and using it multiple times. A design approach was used to develop the model – with adaption of the international Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard acting as a basis. Key features of the model include the support of interoperability through standardisation, the inclusion of all people-to-land relationships including those specific to disaster contexts, and the potential of the model to contribute to each of the disaster phases. The model is suggested to be highly applicable in natural disaster contexts where no land tenure information exists or the national mapping authority already uses a land administration system compatible with LADM. Overall, the model is considered as a step toward an implementable strategy for applying responsible land administration in the context of disaster risk management

Creating resilience to natural disasters through FFP land administration – an application in Nepal

Information on people to land relationships - documented in a land administration system - is crucial in any natural disaster response. This work explores how Fit-For-Purpose approaches and interventions in Land Administration (FFP LA) can be used in the process of earthquake recovery, to improve the community resilience. Four affected communities from the April 2015 earthquake in the Dolakha district of Nepal are considered. The massive 7.6 magnitude earthquake struck Nepal on 25 April 2015 and was followed by subsequent aftershocks, larger than magnitude 4. Due to landslides, ruptures and destabilization almost five hundred settlements are considered in the need for relocation. The Nepal Government experiences problems in the recovery and reconstruction assistance to the earthquake victims. This concerned housing affected communities, especially people without any land documents. Therefore, innovative land tools are used in the post-earthquake context to support the recordation and management of customary and informal land rights for communities. A case study method is applied in three communities in the Dolakha region to see if such FFP LA approaches on the ground support rebuilding efforts. The FFP LA approach involved participatory mapping through and with the community by identifying visible boundaries on high-resolution satellite imagery. The approach is successful and proves to be efficient and effective mapping land rights in the context of Disaster Risk Management (DRM) – because urgently required data on people to land relationships for reconstruction grants and decision making are available quickly and with the agreement of the citizens. Information gathered by grassroot surveyors in the project area revealed that one third of the earthquake victims cannot access the grants because the land title is missing. Currently not all land rights are recognized nor recorded in the Land Administration System (LAS) in Nepal and this is delaying the post-disaster recovery and reconstruction processes. For this reason, tenure rights of the poor and vulnerable have to be secured and access to land has to be guaranteed. The Nepalese government reacted and developed a FFP LA strategy and also made changes in the requirements to access the reconstruction grants